Essayist · 1533 – 1592

Michel de Montaigne

If you're interested in Michel de Montaigne, these historical figures share a similar impact, discipline, philosophy, or era. Each recommendation explains why the connection exists.

Similar Impact & Significance

Portrait of Socrates

Socrates

95

Philosopher · 470 BC – 399 BC

Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher credited as a founder of Western philosophy, famous for the Socratic method of questioning and for his trial and execution in Athens.

  • Socratic method
  • The examined life

Why The ancient model of self-examination that Montaigne took as his guide.

Portrait of William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare

96

Writer · 1564 – 1616

William Shakespeare was an English playwright and poet widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's preeminent dramatist.

  • Hamlet
  • Romeo and Juliet

Why A contemporary playwright who read Montaigne and echoed his ideas.

Portrait of Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon

82

Philosopher · 1561 – 1626

Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman and writer who served as Lord Chancellor and, in works such as the Novum Organum and his Essays, founded the modern scientific method of reasoning from evidence and experiment.

  • Scientific method
  • Novum Organum

Why A near-contemporary who also developed the essay, in a more formal direction.

Portrait of Ralph Waldo Emerson

Ralph Waldo Emerson

80

Essayist · 1803 – 1882

Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer and poet who led the Transcendentalist movement and, through works such as "Self-Reliance" and "Nature", shaped American thought and called a new national literature into being.

  • Self-Reliance
  • Nature

Why Also a essayist & philosopher · Comparable historical impact

Portrait of Aldous Huxley

Aldous Huxley

80

Writer · 1894 – 1963

Aldous Huxley was an English writer and philosopher whose dystopian novel Brave New World became one of the most influential warnings of the 20th century, imagining a future enslaved not by terror but by pleasure and conditioning.

  • Brave New World
  • The Doors of Perception

Why Also a writer & philosopher · Comparable historical impact

Portrait of Cicero

Cicero

88

Statesman · 106 BC – 43 BC

Cicero was a Roman statesman, orator and philosopher whose speeches and writings defined Latin prose, transmitted Greek philosophy to Rome, and championed the values of the Roman Republic.

  • Roman oratory
  • Defending the Republic

Why Also a philosopher & writer · Comparable historical impact

Portrait of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

88

Philosopher · 1770 – 1831

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher and the leading figure of German idealism, whose dialectical method and grand vision of history as the self-development of Spirit profoundly shaped modern philosophy.

  • German idealism
  • The dialectic

Why Also a philosopher & writer · Comparable historical impact

Portrait of Henry David Thoreau

Henry David Thoreau

80

Writer · 1817 – 1862

Henry David Thoreau was an American writer, naturalist and philosopher whose book Walden and essay "Civil Disobedience" became foundational texts of environmental thought and nonviolent resistance, influencing reformers around the world.

  • Walden
  • Civil Disobedience

Why Also a writer & philosopher · Comparable historical impact

Portrait of John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill

87

Philosopher · 1806 – 1873

John Stuart Mill was an English philosopher and economist, the leading liberal thinker of the nineteenth century, whose works on utilitarianism, liberty, and the rights of women shaped modern political and ethical thought.

  • On Liberty
  • Utilitarianism

Why Also a philosopher & writer · Comparable historical impact

Portrait of Mary Wollstonecraft

Mary Wollstonecraft

85

Writer · 1759 – 1797

Mary Wollstonecraft was an English Enlightenment writer and philosopher, a pioneer of feminist thought whose A Vindication of the Rights of Woman argued for the education and equality of women.

  • A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
  • Founding feminist philosophy

Why Also a writer & philosopher · Comparable historical impact

Portrait of Jorge Luis Borges

Jorge Luis Borges

80

Writer · 1899 – 1986

Jorge Luis Borges was an Argentine writer whose brief, dazzling stories of labyrinths, infinite libraries and mirrored worlds made him one of the most influential figures in 20th-century literature and a master of modern short fiction.

  • Ficciones
  • The Library of Babel

Why Also a writer & essayist · Comparable historical impact

Portrait of Virginia Woolf

Virginia Woolf

81

Writer · 1882 – 1941

Virginia Woolf was an English writer, a central figure of literary modernism, whose novels Mrs Dalloway and To the Lighthouse pioneered stream of consciousness, and whose essay A Room of One's Own became a landmark of feminist thought.

  • Mrs Dalloway
  • To the Lighthouse

Why Also a writer & essayist · Comparable historical impact

Same Field or Discipline

Portrait of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

90

Philosopher · 1712 – 1778

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Genevan-French philosopher, writer, and composer whose ideas on the social contract, the general will, and natural human goodness shaped modern political thought, education, and the Romantic movement.

  • The Social Contract
  • The general will

Why Also a philosopher & writer · From the same civilization

Portrait of Niccolò Machiavelli

Niccolò Machiavelli

88

Philosopher · 1469 – 1527

Niccolò Machiavelli was a Renaissance Italian diplomat, political philosopher and writer whose treatise The Prince founded modern political science and gave his name to ruthless statecraft.

  • The Prince
  • Founding modern political science

Why Also a philosopher & writer · Active in the same era

Portrait of Voltaire

Voltaire

90

Writer · 1694 – 1778

Voltaire was a French Enlightenment writer, philosopher and wit, a tireless champion of reason, free speech and religious tolerance and one of the most influential figures of his age.

  • Candide
  • Defending free speech and tolerance

Why Also a writer & philosopher · From the same civilization

Portrait of Molière

Molière

80

Playwright · 1622 – 1673

Molière was a French playwright and actor of the 17th century, the supreme master of comedy in the French language, whose satires of hypocrisy and vanity remain among the most performed plays in the world.

  • Tartuffe
  • The Misanthrope

Why Also a writer · From the same civilization

Portrait of Thomas More

Thomas More

79

Statesman · 1478 – 1535

Thomas More was an English statesman, lawyer and Renaissance humanist who served as Lord Chancellor and coined the word "utopia" in his book of that name — and who was executed for refusing to accept King Henry VIII's break with Rome.

  • Utopia
  • Coining the word 'utopia'

Why Also a writer · Active in the same era

Portrait of Victor Marie Hugo

Victor Marie Hugo

89

Novelist · 1802 – 1885

Victor Hugo was a French novelist, poet, and dramatist, the towering figure of French Romanticism, whose novels Les Misérables and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame are monuments of world literature.

  • Les Misérables
  • The Hunchback of Notre-Dame

Why Also a writer · From the same civilization

Portrait of Alexandre Dumas

Alexandre Dumas

81

Novelist · 1802 – 1870

Alexandre Dumas was a French writer whose swashbuckling historical novels — The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo — became some of the most popular and widely adapted stories in the world.

  • The Three Musketeers
  • The Count of Monte Cristo

Why Also a writer · From the same civilization

Portrait of Augustine of Hippo

Augustine of Hippo

92

Theologian · 354 – 430

Augustine of Hippo was a Roman North African theologian and philosopher whose works, including Confessions and City of God, shaped Western Christianity and laid intellectual foundations for medieval and modern thought.

  • Confessions
  • City of God

Why Also a philosopher & writer

Portrait of Erasmus

Erasmus

80

Humanist · 1466 – 1536

Erasmus was a Dutch humanist, scholar and writer, the leading intellectual of the Northern Renaissance, whose satire In Praise of Folly and pioneering edition of the Greek New Testament shaped both literature and the coming Reformation.

  • In Praise of Folly
  • Greek New Testament

Why Also a writer · Active in the same era

Portrait of Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Nietzsche

92

Philosopher · 1844 – 1900

Friedrich Nietzsche was a German philosopher whose radical critiques of morality, religion, and truth—including the proclamation that "God is dead" and the ideal of the Übermensch—made him one of the most influential and provocative thinkers of the modern era.

  • "God is dead"
  • The Übermensch

Why Also a philosopher & writer

Portrait of Jules Verne

Jules Verne

81

Novelist · 1828 – 1905

Jules Verne was a French novelist whose pioneering adventure stories — including Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and Around the World in Eighty Days — helped found science fiction and imagined technologies decades before they existed.

  • Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
  • Around the World in Eighty Days

Why Also a writer · From the same civilization

Portrait of Karl Marx

Karl Marx

95

Philosopher · 1818 – 1883

Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary whose theories of historical materialism and class struggle, set out in The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, became among the most influential and contested ideas in modern history.

  • Historical materialism
  • The Communist Manifesto

Why Also a philosopher & writer