Aristotelianism
Aristotelianism is the philosophical tradition derived from Aristotle, emphasizing empirical observation, formal logic, virtue ethics and the study of things in the natural world.
Philosophies & Schools of Thought
The great traditions of thought that shaped how humanity understands truth, ethics and existence — each linked to its founders and key figures.
Buddhism
Buddhism is a religion and philosophy founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, teaching that liberation from suffering is reached through ethical living, meditation and insight along the Middle Way.
Confucianism
Confucianism is the ethical and philosophical tradition founded on the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing virtue, ritual, family loyalty and the cultivation of a harmonious, well-ordered society.
Daoism
Daoism (Taoism) is a Chinese philosophical and religious tradition founded on the teachings attributed to Laozi, centered on living in harmony with the Dao — the natural Way of the universe.
Empiricism
Empiricism is the philosophical view that knowledge comes primarily from sense experience, a tradition central to the scientific method and to Enlightenment thought.
Legalism
Legalism was a Chinese political philosophy holding that social order is best secured through strict laws, clear rewards and punishments, and a powerful centralized state rather than moral persuasion.
Platonism
Platonism is the philosophical tradition founded on the ideas of Plato, centered on the theory of Forms — the view that abstract, perfect Forms are the truest reality.
Pythagoreanism
Pythagoreanism is the philosophical and mathematical tradition founded by Pythagoras, holding that number and mathematical harmony underlie the structure of reality.
Rationalism
Rationalism is the philosophical view that reason is the primary source of knowledge, associated above all with René Descartes and the conviction that certain truths can be known through thought alone.
Scholasticism
Scholasticism was the dominant method of medieval philosophy and theology, which sought to reconcile Christian doctrine with classical reason — above all the philosophy of Aristotle.
Stoicism
Stoicism is a Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium that teaches the cultivation of virtue, reason and self-control as the path to a good life, accepting what lies beyond our control with equanimity.