Rumi

Polymath · 1048 – 1131

Omar Khayyam was a Persian polymath of the Islamic Golden Age — a leading mathematician and astronomer — who is remembered in the West above all for the Rubaiyat, a collection of quatrains on life, fate and pleasure.

• The Rubaiyat
• Advances in algebra

Why An earlier Persian poet whose verse, like Rumi's, became famous far beyond Persia.

Physician · 980 – 1037

Avicenna was a Persian polymath of the Islamic Golden Age, one of the greatest physicians and philosophers of the medieval world, whose Canon of Medicine was a standard text for six centuries.

• The Canon of Medicine
• The Book of Healing

Why An earlier Persian thinker of the Islamic Golden Age whose tradition shaped Rumi's world.

Theologian · 354 – 430

Augustine of Hippo was a Roman North African theologian and philosopher whose works, including Confessions and City of God, shaped Western Christianity and laid intellectual foundations for medieval and modern thought.

• Confessions
• City of God

Why Another religious writer whose work fused intense personal devotion with literary power.

Explorer · 1304 – 1369

Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan scholar and traveller of the 14th century who journeyed some 75,000 miles across Africa, the Middle East, India, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China — one of the greatest travellers of the pre-modern world.

• The Rihla
• Travels across the Islamic world

Why Active in the same era · Comparable historical impact

Historian · 1332 – 1406

Ibn Khaldun was a North African scholar of the 14th century widely regarded as a founder of historiography, sociology and economics, whose Muqaddimah pioneered the analytical study of how societies rise and fall.

• The Muqaddimah
• Theory of asabiyyah

Why Active in the same era · Comparable historical impact

Poet · 1799 – 1837

Alexander Pushkin was a Russian poet, playwright and novelist, regarded as the founder of modern Russian literature, whose verse novel Eugene Onegin and other works shaped the language and the writers who followed him.

• Eugene Onegin
• Boris Godunov

Why Also a poet · Comparable historical impact

Philosopher · 1126 – 1198

Averroes was a philosopher and polymath of Al-Andalus whose commentaries on Aristotle profoundly shaped medieval European philosophy and the relationship between reason and faith.

• Commentaries on Aristotle
• Defending reason and philosophy

Why Active in the same era · Comparable historical impact

Poet · 1830 – 1886

Emily Dickinson was an American poet who lived in near-seclusion and published almost nothing in her lifetime, yet whose nearly 1,800 original, compressed poems made her, after her death, one of the most important poets in the English language.

• Nearly 1,800 poems
• Reclusive life

Why Also a poet · Comparable historical impact

Poet · 1795 – 1821

John Keats was an English Romantic poet who, despite dying at just 25, produced some of the most beautiful and enduring poetry in the language, including a series of great odes that secured his place among the immortals of English verse.

• Ode to a Nightingale
• Ode on a Grecian Urn

Why Also a poet · Comparable historical impact

Poet · 1608 – 1674

John Milton was an English poet and political writer of the 17th century whose epic Paradise Lost is considered the greatest long poem in the English language and one of the supreme achievements of world literature.

• Paradise Lost
• Areopagitica

Why Also a poet · Comparable historical impact

Poet · 1788 – 1824

Lord Byron was an English Romantic poet, one of the most famous and scandalous figures of his age, whose works such as Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage created the brooding "Byronic hero" and made him a celebrity across Europe.

• Don Juan
• Childe Harold's Pilgrimage

Why Also a poet · Comparable historical impact

Poet · 43 BC – 17

Ovid was a Roman poet of the Augustan age whose Metamorphoses, a sweeping collection of mythological tales, became one of the most influential works of classical literature on later Western art and poetry.

• Metamorphoses
• Ars Amatoria

Why Also a poet · Comparable historical impact

Poet · 1792 – 1822

Percy Bysshe Shelley was an English Romantic poet, among the greatest lyric poets in the language, whose visionary and politically radical verse — including Ozymandias and Prometheus Unbound — influenced generations of poets and reformers.

• Ozymandias
• Prometheus Unbound

Why Also a poet · Comparable historical impact

Writer · 1861 – 1941

Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali poet, writer, composer and polymath who reshaped Indian literature and music and, in 1913, became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.

• Gitanjali
• Nobel Prize in Literature 1913

Why Also a poet · Comparable historical impact

Writer · 1865 – 1936

Rudyard Kipling was a British writer and poet, author of The Jungle Book and the poem "If—", who became the first English-language winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, though his association with British imperialism has made his legacy contested.

• The Jungle Book
• If—

Why Also a poet · Comparable historical impact

Poet · 630 BC – 570 BC

Sappho was an ancient Greek lyric poet from the island of Lesbos, celebrated in antiquity as one of the greatest of all poets and revered for her intimate, intensely personal verse on love and longing.

• Lyric love poetry
• The 'Tenth Muse'

Why Also a poet · Comparable historical impact

Poet · 1888 – 1965

T. S. Eliot was an American-British poet, critic and playwright, a towering figure of literary modernism whose poem The Waste Land redefined 20th-century poetry and who won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

• The Waste Land
• The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

Why Also a poet · Comparable historical impact

Novelist · 1802 – 1885

Victor Hugo was a French novelist, poet, and dramatist, the towering figure of French Romanticism, whose novels Les Misérables and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame are monuments of world literature.

• Les Misérables
• The Hunchback of Notre-Dame

Why Also a poet · Comparable historical impact

Poet · 70 BC – 19 BC

Virgil was a Roman poet of the Augustan age whose epic the Aeneid became the national poem of Rome and one of the most influential works in all of Western literature.

• The Aeneid
• The Georgics

Why Also a poet · Comparable historical impact

Poet · 1343 – 1400

Geoffrey Chaucer was an English poet and civil servant of the 14th century, called the "Father of English literature", whose Canterbury Tales established English as a language worthy of great poetry.

• The Canterbury Tales
• Father of English literature

Why Also a poet · Active in the same era

Composer · 1098 – 1179

Hildegard of Bingen was a German Benedictine abbess and one of the most remarkable polymaths of the Middle Ages — a visionary, composer, writer, healer and natural philosopher.

• Visionary theology
• Sacred music

Why Also a theologian · Active in the same era

Novelist · 973 – 1014

Murasaki Shikibu was a Japanese noblewoman and writer of the Heian court whose Tale of Genji, written around 1010, is often called the world's first novel and a masterpiece of world literature.

• The Tale of Genji
• World's first novel

Why Also a poet · Active in the same era

Theologian · 1225 – 1274

Thomas Aquinas was a medieval Italian theologian and philosopher whose synthesis of Christian theology and Aristotelian philosophy became central to Catholic thought and the high point of scholasticism.

• Summa Theologica
• Reconciling faith and reason

Why Also a theologian · Active in the same era

Poet · 1265 – 1321

Dante Alighieri was an Italian poet of the late Middle Ages whose masterpiece, the Divine Comedy, is considered one of the greatest works of world literature and helped establish the Italian language.

• The Divine Comedy
• Inferno

Why Also a poet · Active in the same era