King · 540 BC – 480 BC

Leonidas I

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Xerxes I

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King · 518 BC – 465 BC

Xerxes I was the Achaemenid king of Persia who launched the massive second invasion of Greece, winning at Thermopylae but ultimately defeated at Salamis and Plataea, in one of the most famous conflicts of the ancient world.

  • Second invasion of Greece
  • Battle of Thermopylae

Why The Persian king whose massive army Leonidas resisted at Thermopylae.

Portrait of Themistocles

Themistocles

79

Statesman · 524 BC – 459 BC

Themistocles was an Athenian statesman and general whose foresight built the navy that saved Greece, and whose brilliant strategy at the Battle of Salamis destroyed the Persian fleet and turned back Xerxes's invasion.

  • Battle of Salamis
  • Building the Athenian navy

Why The Athenian leader whose naval victory at Salamis followed Leonidas's stand.

Portrait of Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great

96

Military Leader · 356 BC – 323 BC

Alexander the Great was the king of Macedon who built one of the largest empires in history by his early thirties, spreading Greek culture across three continents.

  • Conquest of Persia
  • The Hellenistic Age

Why A later Greek conqueror who would ultimately overthrow the Persian Empire.

Portrait of Attila the Hun

Attila the Hun

80

King · 406 – 453

Attila the Hun was the fearsome ruler of the Hunnic Empire who terrorized the late Roman world in the 5th century, leading devastating invasions across Europe that earned him the name the "Scourge of God".

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Frederick the Great

83

King · 1712 – 1786

Frederick the Great was the king of Prussia who made it a major European power through brilliant generalship and enlightened reform, a warrior-king and patron of the arts who embodied the ideal of the "enlightened despot".

  • Making Prussia a great power
  • Military genius

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Richard the Lionheart

80

King · 1157 – 1199

Richard the Lionheart was the king of England and a leading commander of the Third Crusade, a warrior-king whose courage and skill in battle against Saladin made him one of the most famous monarchs of the Middle Ages.

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Shaka Zulu

80

King · 1787 – 1828

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Shivaji

80

King · 1630 – 1680

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Alfred the Great

80

King · 849 – 899

Alfred the Great was the king of Wessex who defended Anglo-Saxon England against the Vikings, reformed law, learning and defense, and is the only English monarch ever called "the Great".

  • Defending England from the Vikings
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Charlemagne

89

Emperor · 748 – 814

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Clovis I

80

King · 466 – 511

Clovis I was the king who united the Frankish tribes into a single kingdom and converted to Catholic Christianity, founding the Merovingian dynasty and laying the foundations of medieval France.

  • Uniting the Franks
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Cyrus the Great

90

Ruler · 600 BC – 530 BC

Cyrus the Great was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, the largest empire the ancient world had yet seen, remembered for his military genius and his tolerance toward conquered peoples.

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Darius the Great

84

King · 550 BC – 486 BC

Darius the Great was the third king of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, who brought it to its greatest extent and organized it into an efficient system of provinces, becoming one of the most capable rulers of the ancient world.

  • Greatest extent of the Persian Empire
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Robert the Bruce

83

King · 1274 – 1329

Robert the Bruce was the Scottish king who won Scottish independence from England, defeating Edward II's army at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 and securing recognition of Scottish sovereignty in the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328.

  • Scottish independence
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Sundiata Keita

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King · 1217 – 1255

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William the Conqueror

84

King · 1028 – 1087

William the Conqueror was the Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066, won the Battle of Hastings, and became its king, transforming English society, language and government in one of the most consequential conquests in history.

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Charles Martel

81

Military Leader · 688 – 741

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Geronimo

81

Military Leader · 1829 – 1909

Geronimo was the Apache leader whose decade-long guerrilla resistance against the United States and Mexico made him the most feared and pursued Native American fighter of the 19th century, requiring 5,000 US troops to finally capture 38 warriors.

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Portrait of Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg

Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg

81

Military Leader · 1405 – 1468

Skanderbeg was the Albanian nobleman who defected from the Ottoman army, united the Albanian princes, and defended Albania against three decades of Ottoman campaigns — becoming the symbol of Albanian national identity and a celebrated Christian hero across 15th-century Europe.

  • Albanian resistance to the Ottomans
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Portrait of Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc

85

Military Leader · 1412 – 1431

Joan of Arc was a peasant girl who, believing herself guided by divine visions, led French forces to crucial victories in the Hundred Years' War before being captured, tried and burned at the stake — and later made a saint.

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  • Turning the Hundred Years' War

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