Scholar

Humanist · 1466 – 1536

Erasmus was a Dutch humanist, scholar and writer, the leading intellectual of the Northern Renaissance, whose satire In Praise of Folly and pioneering edition of the Greek New Testament shaped both literature and the coming Reformation.

• In Praise of Folly
• Greek New Testament

Historian · 1332 – 1406

Ibn Khaldun was a North African scholar of the 14th century widely regarded as a founder of historiography, sociology and economics, whose Muqaddimah pioneered the analytical study of how societies rise and fall.

• The Muqaddimah
• Theory of asabiyyah

Explorer · 1304 – 1369

Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan scholar and traveller of the 14th century who journeyed some 75,000 miles across Africa, the Middle East, India, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China — one of the greatest travellers of the pre-modern world.

• The Rihla
• Travels across the Islamic world